[
  {
    "id": "singapore",
    "tagline": "A city-state with hot nights, dense towers and an early national heat stress advisory.",
    "heat": "Humid heat, all year round.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "plan",
      "text": "Singapore launched a national Heat Stress Advisory in July 2023. It rates heat stress as low, moderate or high from the wet-bulb globe temperature, and tells people what to do at each level.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment, 2023",
          "url": "https://mse.gov.sg/latest-news/press-release-heat-stress-advisory"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "sleep",
        "why": "Singapore has averaged 76 warm nights a year over four decades; by 2100 they could come on most nights.",
        "src": {
          "label": "National Environment Agency, Singapore, 2024",
          "url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/latest-climate-projections-for-singapore-show-intensifying-urban-heat-and-more-wet-dry-extremes"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "cooling",
        "why": "The commercial centre has measured up to about 7 °C warmer than the outskirts on calm, clear nights.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Cooling Singapore, citing Chow and Roth, 2006",
          "url": "https://www.thegpsc.org/sites/gpsc/files/cooling_singapore_-_digital_urban_climate_twin.pdf"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "deadgreen",
        "why": "Among the cities where the most urban tree species already face temperatures beyond their range.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Esperon-Rodriguez et al., Nature Climate Change, 2022",
          "url": "https://www.vibrantcitieslab.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/climate-change-increases-global-risk-to-urban-forests.pdf"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "invisible",
        "why": "Workplace monitors found more heat stress than nearby weather stations reported.",
        "src": {
          "label": "NUS Project HeatSafe, 2024",
          "url": "https://medicine.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/PRESS-RELEASE_Project-HeatSafe-18MAR2024-FOR-IMMEDIATE-RELEASE.pdf"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["nea","mom","smu","nrfsg","mas","c40"],
    "examples": ["singapore"],
    "risk": ["workers","older"]
  },
  {
    "id": "bangkok",
    "tagline": "A tropical megacity where heat costs lives, livelihoods and a share of the city’s economy.",
    "heat": "Mostly humid heat.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "plan",
      "text": "For the 2026 hot season Bangkok opened 304 cooling centres in schools, health centres and district offices, under a heat management plan developed with the World Bank.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Government of Thailand, 2026",
          "url": "https://thailand.go.th/issue-focus-detail/bangkok-launches-304-cooling-centers-to-combat-extreme-heat"
        },
        {
          "label": "World Bank, Shaping a Cooler Bangkok, 2025",
          "url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/thailand/publication/shaping-a-cooler-bangkok-tackling-urban-heat-for-a-more-livable-city"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "poverty",
        "why": "Nearly 80% of informal workers surveyed cut their hours in the heat; 75% of home-based workers lost a day’s work a month to heat illness.",
        "src": {
          "label": "WIEGO and HomeNet Thailand, 2025",
          "url": "https://www.wiego.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/WIEGO-Policy-Brief-33-Climate-Change-and-Heat-Stress.pdf"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "reactive",
        "why": "Heat deaths, about 593 a year, cost up to 0.7% of the city’s economy: more than its 2020 public health budget.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Park and Rubinyi, World Bank working paper, 2026",
          "url": "https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/d8ba6f53-d778-47d2-b4a6-37dff7db2466/full"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "sleep",
        "why": "One of the tropical cities whose nights stay hot."
      },
      {
        "id": "greendisplace",
        "why": "Fieldwork is tracing how green urban renewal affects the city’s lower-income residents.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Endo, The Developing Economies, 2026",
          "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/deve.70013"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["homenet","bot","undp","adb"],
    "examples": [],
    "risk": ["workers","settlements"]
  },
  {
    "id": "hanoi",
    "tagline": "A fast-growing northern capital whose power and water strain together in the heat.",
    "heat": "Mostly humid heat, in a hot, wet summer.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "none",
      "text": "No city heat action plan found. From 2018 to 2021 the Viet Nam Red Cross ran an early-action plan for heatwaves in 15 of Hanoi’s wards, triggered by a heat-index forecast.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Anticipation Hub",
          "url": "https://www.anticipation-hub.org/experience/anticipatory-action-in-the-world/vietnam/fbf-ready-reducing-heat-waves-impacts-on-the-vulnerable-populations-of-hanoi"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "energywater",
        "why": "In May and June 2023 heat drove demand up as hydropower reservoirs ran low; blackouts in the north cost about US$1.4 billion.",
        "src": {
          "label": "World Bank estimate, reported by AFP via The Manila Times, 2023",
          "url": "https://manilatimes.net/2023/08/12/business/foreign-business/power-crisis-cost-vietnam-14b-wb/1904920/amp"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "global",
        "why": "Southeast Asia’s air conditioners could rise from 40 million to 300 million by 2040.",
        "src": {
          "label": "International Energy Agency, 2019",
          "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-cooling-in-southeast-asia"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["sbv"],
    "examples": [],
    "risk": ["workers"]
  },
  {
    "id": "manila",
    "tagline": "A dense, humid metropolis where heat closes schools and pushes the heat index into danger.",
    "heat": "Mostly humid heat.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "building",
      "text": "In Metro Manila, Quezon City has set up a city Heat Action Team, named chief heat action officers and opened 32 libraries as cooling centres. Its full heat action plan is still being developed.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Quezon City Government",
          "url": "https://quezoncity.gov.ph/qc-beefs-up-action-vs-extreme-heat-designates-chief-heat-action-officers/"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "school",
        "why": "In April 2024, 5,288 schools in the Philippines moved to remote learning, affecting more than 3.6 million students.",
        "src": {
          "label": "AFP via Malay Mail, April 2024",
          "url": "https://www.malaymail.com/news/world/2024/04/05/thousands-of-philippine-schools-suspend-in-person-classes-due-to-heat-says-education-dept/127511"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "cooling",
        "why": "One of the dense, high-rise city cores where air-conditioner waste heat adds to the night.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Salamanca et al., Journal of Geophysical Research, 2014 (summary by Arizona State University)",
          "url": "https://news.asu.edu/content/excess-heat-air-conditioners-causes-higher-nighttime-temperatures"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "farmdebt",
        "why": "Rice yields in the Philippines fell about 10% for each 1 °C rise in growing-season night temperature.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Peng et al., PNAS, 2004",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403720101"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["pagasa","deped"],
    "examples": [],
    "risk": ["workers","settlements"]
  },
  {
    "id": "jakarta",
    "tagline": "A sinking, sprawling capital in the country where half of Southeast Asia’s air conditioners could be.",
    "heat": "Humid heat, all year round.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "building",
      "text": "No standalone heat action plan found. Jakarta’s Climate Action Plan 2021–2050 aims to reduce its vulnerability to extreme heat, and in October 2025 the governor told health facilities to prepare for heat illness.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "C40 Cities, 2025",
          "url": "https://www.c40.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/RfP_RF_Jakarta.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "Antara, 2025",
          "url": "https://www.antaranews.com/berita/5178905/pramono-instruksikan-mitigasi-dampak-cuaca-panas-ekstrem-di-jakarta"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "global",
        "why": "Half of Southeast Asia’s projected 300 million air conditioners in 2040 could be in Indonesia.",
        "src": {
          "label": "International Energy Agency, 2019",
          "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-cooling-in-southeast-asia"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "fire",
        "why": "Indonesia’s 2015 forest and peat fires cost an estimated US$16.1 billion.",
        "src": {
          "label": "World Bank, 2016",
          "url": "https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/776101467990969768/pdf/103668-BRI-Cost-of-Fires-Knowledge-Note-PUBLIC-ADD-NEW-SERIES-Indonesia-Sustainable-Landscapes-Knowledge-Note.pdf"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "deadgreen",
        "why": "Among the hot, fast-growing cities where urban trees are at risk.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Esperon-Rodriguez et al., Nature Climate Change, 2022",
          "url": "https://www.vibrantcitieslab.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/climate-change-increases-global-risk-to-urban-forests.pdf"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["ojk","komida","nusantarafund"],
    "examples": [],
    "risk": ["settlements","workers"]
  },
  {
    "id": "delhi",
    "tagline": "A capital of extreme pre-monsoon heat, street trade and falling groundwater.",
    "heat": "Dry heat before the monsoon, then humid heat during it.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "plan",
      "text": "Delhi launched its 2025 Heat Action Plan in April 2025, with graded heat alerts, cooling shelters, 3,000 water points and heatstroke units in hospitals. Experts have recommended legal backing and dedicated funds to strengthen it.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Business Today, 2025",
          "url": "https://www.businesstoday.in/amp/india/story/imd-predicts-heatwave-conditions-in-april-delhi-govt-launches-action-plan-472890-2025-04-21"
        },
        {
          "label": "Citizen Matters",
          "url": "https://citizenmatters.in/city-buzz-five-things-you-must-know-about-the-delhi-heat-action-plan"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "squeeze",
        "why": "Of 721 Delhi street vendors surveyed in 2024, 80% saw fewer customers in heatwaves and 49% lost income.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Greenpeace India and National Hawkers Federation, 2024",
          "url": "https://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/press/16737/new-report-by-greenpeace-india-and-national-hawkers-federation-reveals-harsh-heatwave-toll-on-street-vendors/"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "deadgreen",
        "why": "New Delhi is among the cities where every urban tree species studied is at risk from rising heat.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Esperon-Rodriguez et al., Nature Climate Change, 2022",
          "url": "https://www.vibrantcitieslab.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/climate-change-increases-global-risk-to-urban-forests.pdf"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "pumping",
        "why": "North-west India (Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana) lost 109 km³ of groundwater in six years, mainly to irrigation.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Rodell, Velicogna and Famiglietti, Nature, 2009",
          "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08238"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "invisible",
        "why": "India confirmed 185 heatstroke deaths against 48,385 suspected cases in 2024, up to 28 July.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, reply in India’s Rajya Sabha, 6 August 2024",
          "url": "https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/750681/1/PQ_265_06082024_U1693_p358_p362.pdf"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["ndma","imd","ncdc","ceew","seeds","heatwatch"],
    "examples": ["ahmedabad"],
    "risk": ["workers","settlements"]
  },
  {
    "id": "dhaka",
    "tagline": "One of the world’s densest cities, where heat costs workdays and fills tin-roofed homes.",
    "heat": "Mostly humid heat.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "building",
      "text": "Dhaka North City Corporation appointed Asia’s first Chief Heat Officer in 2023. No city heat action plan found yet.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Arsht-Rock Resilience Center, 2023",
          "url": "https://onebillionresilient.org/2023/05/03/bushra-afreen-dhaka-chief-heat-officer/"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "poverty",
        "why": "Heat-related illness cost Bangladesh 250 million workdays in 2024, worth up to US$1.78 billion.",
        "src": {
          "label": "World Bank, 2025",
          "url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/09/16/bangladesh-faces-health-and-economic-risks-from-rising-temperature-world-bank"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "energypoverty",
        "why": "Tin-roofed informal settlements trap heat for people who can’t afford to cool."
      },
      {
        "id": "displacement",
        "why": "Migrants land in settlements on the edges of the city, often in heat-trapping housing."
      },
      {
        "id": "school",
        "why": "Bangladesh closed schools for about 33 million children in its April 2024 heatwave.",
        "src": {
          "label": "NBC News, 2024",
          "url": "https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/schools-close-extreme-heat-philippines-bangladesh-asia-rcna149485"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["dncc","bdrcs","icddrb","bracngo","practicalaction","bangladeshbank"],
    "examples": ["dhaka"],
    "risk": ["workers","settlements"]
  },
  {
    "id": "kathmandu",
    "tagline": "A valley city warming fast, below the Himalayan ice that feeds South Asia’s rivers.",
    "heat": "Milder heat at altitude, hottest before the monsoon.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "none",
      "text": "No city heat action plan found. Nepal adopted a national plan of action on heat waves in 2024, and Nepalgunj, in the plains, wrote the country’s first local heat action plan in 2023.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Onlinekhabar, 2025",
          "url": "https://english.onlinekhabar.com/reassessing-nepals-heat-wave-response-lessons-from-2024-and-the-way-forward.html"
        },
        {
          "label": "Nepalgunj Heat Action Plan, 2023",
          "url": "https://preparecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Nepalgunj-Heat-Action-Plan-2023.pdf"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "ice",
        "why": "The Hindu Kush Himalaya’s glaciers lost ice 65% faster in the 2010s, and could lose 30–50% of their volume by 2100.",
        "src": {
          "label": "ICIMOD, 2023",
          "url": "https://lib.icimod.org/record/36322"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "debt",
        "why": "In five cities in Nepal and Bangladesh, heat cut incomes and pushed some households towards high-interest loans.",
        "src": {
          "label": "American Red Cross, Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, Nepal Red Cross Society and Bangladesh Red Crescent Society, 2026",
          "url": "https://www.climatecentre.org/publications/17312/the-lived-experiences-of-vulnerable-populations-in-the-context-of-extreme-heat-a-comprehensive-narrative-report-based-on-survey-data-from-five-cities-in-nepal-and-bangladesh/"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["ndrrma","nrcs","tewa","nrb","practicalaction"],
    "examples": [],
    "risk": ["women","older"]
  },
  {
    "id": "mumbai",
    "tagline": "A coastal megacity where the nights are heating faster than the days.",
    "heat": "Mostly humid coastal heat.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "building",
      "text": "Mumbai’s 2022 Climate Action Plan names urban heat as a priority, and the city is working with C40 on heat-health protocols for its hospitals. No standalone city heat action plan found.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Citizen Matters",
          "url": "https://citizenmatters.in/mcap-climate-change-heat-mumbai/"
        },
        {
          "label": "C40 Cities, 2026",
          "url": "https://www.c40.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/RfP-Heat-Health-protocols-for-Mumbai.pdf"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "sleep",
        "why": "Mumbai gained 15 very warm nights a summer over the last decade.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), 2025",
          "url": "https://www.ceew.in/sites/default/files/ceew-how-extreme-heat-is-impacting-india-final-web-file.pdf"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "energypoverty",
        "why": "Tin-roofed informal settlements trap heat for people who can’t afford to cool."
      },
      {
        "id": "invisible",
        "why": "Death certificates usually record the immediate cause, so heat as the trigger goes unrecorded.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Down To Earth, 2024",
          "url": "https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/lost-in-the-heat-the-critical-miscalculation-in-indias-heatwave-mortality-data"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["wriindia","c40","hdfclife","iclei"],
    "examples": ["thane"],
    "risk": ["settlements","workers"]
  },
  {
    "id": "ahmedabad",
    "tagline": "Where South Asia’s first heat action plan began, and where its results were measured.",
    "heat": "Dry heat before the monsoon, then humid heat during it.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "plan",
      "text": "Ahmedabad launched South Asia’s first heat action plan in 2013, after a 2010 heatwave caused an estimated 1,344 excess deaths. An estimated 1,190 deaths a year were later avoided.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2018",
          "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6236972/"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "clinic",
        "why": "The plan prepared hospitals and warned the public before heat peaked.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2018",
          "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6236972/"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "poverty",
        "why": "Up to three-quarters of India’s workforce depends on heat-exposed work.",
        "src": {
          "label": "World Bank, 2022, reported by Down To Earth",
          "url": "https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/heatwaves-in-india-could-soon-break-human-survivability-limit-says-world-bank-analysis-86431"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "invisible",
        "why": "As in most countries, heat deaths are hard to count, which makes the case for prevention harder to see."
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["ahmedabad","aidmi","ibisa","c40","hera"],
    "examples": ["ahmedabad"],
    "risk": ["workers","settlements"]
  },
  {
    "id": "colombo",
    "tagline": "A coastal capital where humid heat meets crowded markets, harbours and fish landing sites.",
    "heat": "Humid heat, all year round.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "building",
      "text": "Colombo Municipal Council, with the Department of Meteorology and SLYCAN Trust, has worked on guidelines for a gender-sensitive heat action plan. The Department of Meteorology issues heat index advisories. No adopted city heat plan found yet.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "APN and SLYCAN Trust, 2022",
          "url": "https://www.apn-gcr.org/publication/colombo-municipal-council-sri-lanka-integrating-heat-stress-management-into-climate-policies-and-guidelines-for-gender-sensitive-heat-action-plans-in-sri-lanka/"
        },
        {
          "label": "News 1st, 2024",
          "url": "https://english.newsfirst.lk/2024/03/04/heat-advisory-issued-by-sri-lanka-s-met-dept"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "cooling",
        "why": "A University of Colombo study found a pronounced urban heat island, as green space gives way to concrete and asphalt.",
        "src": {
          "label": "University of Colombo: urban heat island and green space in Colombo District",
          "url": "https://archive.cmb.ac.lk/handle/70130/8937"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "poverty",
        "why": "Heat advisories ask people to work in the shade; market and fish workers who sell in the open often cannot.",
        "src": {
          "label": "News 1st, 2024",
          "url": "https://english.newsfirst.lk/2024/03/04/heat-advisory-issued-by-sri-lanka-s-met-dept"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["apn","wmo","escap"],
    "examples": [],
    "risk": ["workers","coastal"]
  },
  {
    "id": "phnompenh",
    "tagline": "A fast-growing capital of garment factories and metal roofs, where the hot season peaks before the rains.",
    "heat": "Humid heat, hottest from March to May.",
    "hap": {
      "status": "none",
      "text": "A proposal with the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology and Phnom Penh Capital Hall would develop a heat action plan for the city, with thresholds and response protocols. No adopted city heat plan found yet.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development",
          "url": "https://library.ncdd.gov.kh/detail/17224/download"
        }
      ]
    },
    "loops": [
      {
        "id": "cooling",
        "why": "UN ESCAP projects that the urban heat island could add 2 °C to 7 °C on top of global warming in Phnom Penh.",
        "src": {
          "label": "UN ESCAP, Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2025, reported by Asia News Network",
          "url": "https://asianews.network/?p=241501"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "poverty",
        "why": "At three garment factories, workers reporting heat symptoms rose from 68% in the cooler months to 88% in the hot months.",
        "src": {
          "label": "Chea et al., BMC Public Health, 2025",
          "url": "https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-025-22787-0"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "school",
        "why": "In the April 2024 heatwave, Cambodia shortened public school days by two hours.",
        "src": {
          "label": "NBC News, 2024",
          "url": "https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/schools-close-extreme-heat-philippines-bangladesh-asia-rcna149485"
        }
      }
    ],
    "orgs": ["escap","adb","worldbank"],
    "examples": [],
    "risk": ["workers","settlements"]
  }
]