[
  {
    "id": "droughts",
    "sys": "nature",
    "label": "Droughts",
    "desc": "Higher temperatures speed up evaporation, so the same rain goes less far and dry spells turn into droughts.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "IPCC, AR6 Working Group I, Summary for Policymakers, 2021",
        "url": "https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "wildfires",
    "sys": "nature",
    "label": "Wildfires",
    "desc": "Hot, dry vegetation ignites more easily and burns longer, sending smoke far beyond the fire itself.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "UNEP and GRID-Arendal, 2022: Spreading like wildfire",
        "url": "https://www.unep.org/resources/report/spreading-wildfire-rising-threat-extraordinary-landscape-fires"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "forest",
    "sys": "nature",
    "label": "Forest\ndieback",
    "desc": "Heat and drought stress trees until they stop growing, then die, turning forests from shade and carbon stores into fuel.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Hammond et al., Nature Communications, 2022: a hotter-drought fingerprint for tree die-off",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29289-2"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "drysoil",
    "sys": "nature",
    "label": "Drying\nsoils",
    "desc": "Heat pulls moisture from the ground when crops and plants need it most.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Seneviratne et al., Earth-Science Reviews, 2010",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "glacier",
    "sys": "nature",
    "label": "Glacier and\nsnow melt",
    "desc": "Mountain glaciers and snowpacks that feed rivers through the dry season are shrinking.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "ICIMOD, 2023: glacier loss in the Hindu Kush Himalaya",
        "url": "https://lib.icimod.org/record/36322"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "glof",
    "sys": "nature",
    "label": "Glacial lake\noutburst floods",
    "desc": "As glaciers retreat, meltwater pools behind loose rock and ice. When a bank gives way the lake can empty in hours. In October 2023 Sikkim’s South Lhonak lake burst after a frozen moraine collapsed into it; the flood breached the Teesta III dam, set off 45 landslides and cut the national highway. Climate change played a key role, and the lake can burst again.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "ICIMOD, 2025: climate change played key role in the 2023 Sikkim lake outburst",
        "url": "https://www.icimod.org/press-release/new-scientific-study-confirms-climate-change-played-key-role-in-deadly-2023-lake-outburst-in-sikkim/"
      },
      {
        "label": "Sattar et al., Science, 2025: the Sikkim flood of October 2023",
        "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads2659"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "marine",
    "sys": "nature",
    "label": "Marine heatwaves\nand coral bleaching",
    "desc": "Ocean heatwaves bleach coral and drive fish away from the waters people depend on. The 2023–2025 global bleaching event, the worst on record, reached 84% of the world’s reefs in 82 countries and territories. In Malaysia more than half of all corals bleached in 2024.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "NOAA and International Coral Reef Initiative, reported by Scientific American, 2025",
        "url": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/worst-coral-mass-bleaching-on-record-caused-by-warming-oceans"
      },
      {
        "label": "Earth Observatory of Singapore: field data from Asia’s coral reefs",
        "url": "https://earthobservatory.sg/news/blog/heat-stress-and-hope-how-field-data-from-asia-s-coral-reefs-can-help-us-improve-climate-resilience"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "biodiversity",
    "sys": "nature",
    "label": "Biodiversity\nloss",
    "desc": "Species that can’t move or adapt fast enough decline, weakening pollination, soils and fisheries.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "IPCC, AR6 Working Group II fact sheet: biodiversity, 2022",
        "url": "https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Biodiversity.pdf"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "wildlife",
    "sys": "nature",
    "label": "Wildlife moves into\nfarms and villages",
    "desc": "As water and forage dry up, animals leave forests for farms and villages. Crops are raided, people and animals are hurt, hunting for food rises, and closer contact raises the risk of diseases passing from animals to people. In Assam, villagers have grown paddy just for wild elephants, so the herds leave the main harvest alone.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Abrahms et al., Nature Climate Change, 2023: climate change amplifies human–wildlife conflict",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01608-5"
      },
      {
        "label": "Mongabay India, 2023: Assam farmers grow paddy for wild elephants",
        "url": "https://india.mongabay.com/2023/09/video-farmers-grow-paddy-for-wild-elephants-in-assam-to-reduce-conflicts/"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission, Beating the Heat: Tamil Nadu Heat Mitigation Strategy, 2024",
        "url": "https://spc.tn.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/Heat_Mitigation_Strategy.pdf"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "harvests",
    "sys": "food",
    "label": "Failing\nharvests",
    "desc": "Heat during flowering and grain-filling cuts yields of staple crops, even when there is enough rain. Smallholders farming on rain alone, with no irrigation or savings to fall back on, are hit first.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Lobell, Sibley and Ortiz-Monasterio, Nature Climate Change, 2012 (wheat in India)",
        "url": "https://fsi.stanford.edu/node/26622"
      },
      {
        "label": "Peng et al., PNAS, 2004 (rice in the Philippines)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403720101"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "livestock",
    "sys": "food",
    "label": "Livestock\nlosses",
    "desc": "Heat-stressed animals eat less, produce less milk and eggs, fall ill and die.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Eco-Business: climate stress is trampling productivity in India’s livestock sector",
        "url": "https://eco-business.com/news/climate-stress-is-trampling-productivity-in-indias-vulnerable-livestock-sector"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "farmwork",
    "sys": "food",
    "label": "Farmwork\nhours lost",
    "desc": "Farm labourers work in the open sun. In the hottest hours, work becomes dangerous or impossible.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "International Labour Organization, 2019: agriculture bears 60% of working hours lost to heat",
        "url": "https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/increase-heat-stress-predicted-bring-productivity-loss-equivalent-80"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "pests",
    "sys": "food",
    "label": "Pests and crop\ndiseases spread",
    "desc": "Warmer conditions let many pests and plant diseases breed faster and spread to new areas.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Deutsch et al., Science, 2018, summarised by the University of Washington: crop losses to insect pests rise 10–25% per degree",
        "url": "https://www.washington.edu/news/2018/08/30/climate-change-insects-crops/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "fisheries",
    "sys": "food",
    "label": "Fisheries\ndecline",
    "desc": "As waters warm and reefs die, fish move away or decline, and catches fall. Coastal and riverside families who live from fishing lose food and income together.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Free et al., Science, 2019: warming has already cut fisheries productivity, by 15–35% in five regions including East Asian seas",
        "url": "https://www.climatechangepost.com/news/ocean-warming-already-decreased-global-marine-fisheries-production/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "spoilage",
    "sys": "food",
    "label": "Food spoils\nfaster",
    "desc": "Without cool storage, more of every harvest rots between field and plate.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "UNEP and FAO, 2022: Sustainable Food Cold Chains (526 million tonnes of food lost for lack of refrigeration)",
        "url": "https://www.unep.org/resources/report/sustainable-food-cold-chains-opportunities-challenges-and-way-forward"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "prices",
    "sys": "food",
    "label": "Food price\nspikes",
    "desc": "Smaller harvests and losses push up prices, felt hardest by families who spend most of their income on food. A study with the European Central Bank found that hot extremes keep food inflation higher for about a year afterwards, and a 2025 study traced 16 food price shocks since 2022 to extreme weather.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Carbon Brief, 2025: 16 times extreme weather drove higher food prices (on Kotz et al., Environmental Research Letters)",
        "url": "https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-16-times-extreme-weather-drove-higher-food-prices-since-2022/"
      },
      {
        "label": "Inside Climate News, 2025: weather extremes are driving up food prices",
        "url": "https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21072025/weather-extremes-driving-up-food-prices/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "hunger",
    "sys": "food",
    "label": "Hunger and\nmalnutrition",
    "desc": "When food costs more and incomes fall, families eat less and less well, and children suffer most.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Lancet Countdown 2024, summarised by Wellcome: heatwaves and droughts linked to 151 million more people facing food insecurity",
        "url": "https://wellcome.org/insights/articles/wellcome-responds-2024-report-lancet-countdown-health-and-climate-change"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "farmdebt",
    "sys": "food",
    "label": "Farmers fall\ninto debt",
    "desc": "After a failed season, farmers borrow at high interest or sell livestock, land and seed to get by.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Carleton, PNAS, 2017",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5565417/"
      },
      {
        "label": "King’s College London, 2023: microfinance and climate shocks in Cambodia",
        "url": "https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-study-finds-that-microfinance-is-exacerbating-climate-precarity-and-harm-in-cambodia"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "scarcity",
    "sys": "water",
    "label": "Water\nshortages",
    "desc": "Taps run dry and wells fall just as people, crops and animals need more water to cope with the heat.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "World Resources Institute: Day Zero lessons from Cape Town and Chennai",
        "url": "https://www.wri.org/insights/responding-day-zero-equitably-water-crisis-lessons-cape-town-and-chennai"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "tankers",
    "sys": "water",
    "label": "Buying water\nfrom tankers",
    "desc": "When the taps run dry, households buy water from private tankers, and prices jump as wells fail. Those beyond the pipes, often the poorest, pay the most or go without. In one Bengaluru informal settlement a family earning about Rs 6,000 a month paid around Rs 1,300 for water. When Chennai’s reservoirs ran dry in 2019, tankers could not reach most of its slums.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Citizen Matters: water access a daily struggle for Bengaluru’s slum dwellers",
        "url": "https://citizenmatters.in/water-shortage-in-slums-low-income-households-80074"
      },
      {
        "label": "World Resources Institute: responding to Day Zero equitably, Cape Town and Chennai",
        "url": "https://www.wri.org/insights/responding-day-zero-equitably-water-crisis-lessons-cape-town-and-chennai"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "quality",
    "sys": "water",
    "label": "Water quality\nfalls",
    "desc": "Warm, low water breeds algae and bacteria and concentrates pollution.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Review in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022: cyanobacteria gain the advantage above 20 °C",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9223187/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "irrigation",
    "sys": "water",
    "label": "Irrigation\ndemand soars",
    "desc": "Hot, dry fields need far more water to keep crops alive.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Rodell, Velicogna and Famiglietti, Nature, 2009",
        "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08238"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "groundwater",
    "sys": "water",
    "label": "Groundwater\nover-pumped",
    "desc": "Farmers and cities pump deeper and harder, draining aquifers faster than rain can refill them.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Rodell, Velicogna and Famiglietti, Nature, 2009",
        "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08238"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "competition",
    "sys": "water",
    "label": "Competition\nfor water",
    "desc": "Farms, cities, industry and power plants all compete for a shrinking supply.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "World Resources Institute, 2018: 40% of India’s thermal power plants are in water-scarce areas",
        "url": "https://www.wri.org/insights/40-indias-thermal-power-plants-are-water-scarce-areas-threatening-shutdowns"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "fetching",
    "sys": "water",
    "label": "Longer trips\nto fetch water",
    "desc": "Where taps fail, someone has to walk further, for longer, in the heat, to bring water home.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "UNICEF, 2016: women and girls spend 200 million hours a day collecting water",
        "url": "https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-collecting-water-often-colossal-waste-time-women-and-girls"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "sanitation",
    "sys": "water",
    "label": "Sanitation and\nhygiene fail",
    "desc": "Without enough water, toilets, handwashing and cleaning suffer.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "ACAPS, 2017: Sindh heatwave briefing (more use of unprotected water sources)",
        "url": "https://www.acaps.org/sites/acaps/files/products/files/170424_acaps_start_anticipatory_briefing_note_pakistan_heatwave.pdf"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "demand",
    "sys": "energy",
    "label": "Cooling demand\npeaks",
    "labelAt": "above",
    "desc": "As temperatures climb, so does the demand for fans and air conditioning, pushing electricity use to new peaks.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "International Energy Agency, 2018: The Future of Cooling",
        "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-cooling"
      },
      {
        "label": "International Energy Agency: The Future of Cooling in Southeast Asia",
        "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-cooling-in-southeast-asia"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "power",
    "sys": "energy",
    "label": "Power cuts and\ngrid stress",
    "desc": "Peak demand and heat-stressed lines and transformers push grids to the edge. Outages switch off cooling when it matters most.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "World Bank estimate, reported by AFP via The Manila Times, 2023: Vietnam’s heat-driven power crisis",
        "url": "https://manilatimes.net/2023/08/12/business/foreign-business/power-crisis-cost-vietnam-14b-wb/1904920/amp"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "thermal",
    "sys": "energy",
    "label": "Power plants\ncut output",
    "desc": "Coal, gas and nuclear plants need cool water. When rivers run low or warm, they have to produce less.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "World Resources Institute, 2018",
        "url": "https://www.wri.org/insights/40-indias-thermal-power-plants-are-water-scarce-areas-threatening-shutdowns"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "hydro",
    "sys": "energy",
    "label": "Hydropower\nfalls",
    "desc": "Low rivers and reservoirs mean less electricity from dams.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "World Bank estimate, reported by AFP via The Manila Times, 2023: Vietnam’s reservoirs ran low",
        "url": "https://manilatimes.net/2023/08/12/business/foreign-business/power-crisis-cost-vietnam-14b-wb/1904920/amp"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "generators",
    "sys": "energy",
    "label": "Diesel generators\nrun longer",
    "desc": "When the grid fails, homes, shops and hospitals that can afford it switch to diesel.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "IFC, 2019: The Dirty Footprint of the Broken Grid (20–30 million back-up generator sites)",
        "url": "https://www.ifc.org/en/pressroom/2019/new-ifc-study-details-environmental-economic-health-costs-of-fossil-fuel-generators"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "emissions",
    "sys": "energy",
    "label": "Emissions from\ncooling rise",
    "desc": "Most cooling still runs on fossil-fuelled power and refrigerants that warm the planet.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "International Energy Agency, 2018: The Future of Cooling",
        "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-cooling"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "energypoverty",
    "sys": "energy",
    "label": "Can’t afford\nto keep cool",
    "desc": "For the poorest households, fans, cooling and electricity bills are out of reach.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Sustainable Energy for All, 2023: Chilling Prospects",
        "url": "https://www.seforall.org/our-work/research-analysis/chilling-prospects-series/chilling-prospects-global-access-to-cooling-gaps-2023"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "coldchain",
    "sys": "energy",
    "label": "Cold chains\nbreak",
    "desc": "Without reliable power, fridges for food, medicines and vaccines fail.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "UNEP and FAO, 2022: Sustainable Food Cold Chains",
        "url": "https://www.unep.org/resources/report/sustainable-food-cold-chains-opportunities-challenges-and-way-forward"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "uhi",
    "sys": "cities",
    "label": "Urban heat\nislands",
    "desc": "Dense surfaces, little shade and waste heat keep city cores several degrees hotter than their surroundings, especially at night. This is the urban heat island effect.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Cooling Singapore, citing Chow and Roth, 2006",
        "url": "https://www.thegpsc.org/sites/gpsc/files/cooling_singapore_-_digital_urban_climate_twin.pdf"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission, 2024",
        "url": "https://spc.tn.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/Heat_Mitigation_Strategy.pdf"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "homes",
    "sys": "cities",
    "label": "Homes that\ntrap heat",
    "desc": "Tin roofs, poor ventilation and crowded rooms can make homes hotter inside than out, leaving nowhere safe to rest. Thin roofs cool slowly, so the worst comes at night: in low-income homes measured across South Asia, tin-roofed houses stayed warmer indoors than the outdoor air.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Frontiers in Built Environment, 2022: Ahmedabad informal settlements up to 7.6 °C hotter",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2022.874751/full"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tasgaonkar et al., Scientific Data, 2022: indoor heat in low-income homes in South Asia",
        "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01314-5"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "infrastructure",
    "sys": "cities",
    "label": "Roads, rails and\nrunways strained",
    "desc": "Rails buckle, roads soften and hot, thin air means planes need longer runways or must carry less.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Coffel, Thompson and Horton, Climatic Change, 2017, via NASA: rising temperatures and aircraft take-off",
        "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170007349"
      },
      {
        "label": "Network Rail: buckled rails in summer heat",
        "url": "https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/looking-after-the-railway/delays-explained/buckled-rail-and-summer-heat"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "transport",
    "sys": "cities",
    "label": "Transport\ndisrupted",
    "desc": "Speed limits, cancellations and breakdowns slow the movement of people and goods.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Network Rail: heat speed restrictions",
        "url": "https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/looking-after-the-railway/delays-explained/buckled-rail-and-summer-heat"
      },
      {
        "label": "World Bank estimate, reported by AFP via The Manila Times, 2023",
        "url": "https://manilatimes.net/2023/08/12/business/foreign-business/power-crisis-cost-vietnam-14b-wb/1904920/amp"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "smog",
    "sys": "cities",
    "label": "Smoke, smog\nand ozone",
    "desc": "Heat speeds up the chemistry that forms ground-level ozone, and still, hot air traps pollution and smoke.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Air Quality News, 2026: heatwaves drive dangerous ozone pollution across India (npj Clean Air study)",
        "url": "https://airqualitynews.com/news/health-news/heatwaves-drive-dangerous-ozone-pollution-across-india/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "publicspace",
    "sys": "cities",
    "label": "Streets and parks\nunusable",
    "desc": "Markets, streets and parks become too hot to use in the middle of the day.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Greenpeace India and National Hawkers Federation, 2024",
        "url": "https://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/press/16737/new-report-by-greenpeace-india-and-national-hawkers-federation-reveals-harsh-heatwave-toll-on-street-vendors/"
      },
      {
        "label": "WIEGO and HomeNet Thailand, 2025",
        "url": "https://www.wiego.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/WIEGO-Policy-Brief-33-Climate-Change-and-Heat-Stress.pdf"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "treeloss",
    "sys": "cities",
    "label": "City trees\nand parks die",
    "desc": "Heat, drought and missing upkeep kill street trees and parks just when their shade is needed. Across 164 cities, 56% of urban tree and shrub species already face temperatures beyond those in their natural range, and in hot cities such as New Delhi and Singapore every species studied is at risk.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Esperon-Rodriguez et al., Nature Climate Change, 2022: climate change increases global risk to urban forests",
        "url": "https://www.vibrantcitieslab.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/climate-change-increases-global-risk-to-urban-forests.pdf"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hansen et al., chapter 10 in Nature-Based Solutions for Cities, 2023: more than 500 of 870 new trees died in a Berlin park",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800376762"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "greengap",
    "sys": "cities",
    "label": "Green space\nfollows wealth",
    "desc": "Trees and parks cluster in better-off neighbourhoods, which can pay for them and for the upkeep that keeps them alive, so poorer districts stay hotter.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Wolch, Byrne and Newell, Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014: making cities “just green enough”",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hansen et al., chapter 10 in Nature-Based Solutions for Cities, 2023: tree survival tracks municipal budgets in Santiago",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800376762"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "telecom",
    "sys": "cities",
    "label": "Phone and data\nnetworks fail",
    "desc": "Overheating equipment and power cuts take down phone masts, networks and data centres.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Asia News Network, 2026: Bangladesh’s mobile signals weaken as blackouts spread",
        "url": "https://asianews.network/?p=269961"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "deaths",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Heat deaths",
    "desc": "Extreme heat kills, often quietly, through failing hearts, kidneys and lungs. Europe’s 2003 heatwave alone is estimated to have caused more than 70,000 deaths.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Robine et al., Comptes Rendus Biologies, 2008: death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe in summer 2003",
        "url": "https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/en/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "heatstroke",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Heatstroke and\nheat exhaustion",
    "desc": "When the body can no longer cool itself, heat exhaustion can tip into heatstroke: a medical emergency that can kill. India’s suspected heatstroke cases rose more than tenfold in two summers, from 4,481 in 2022 to over 48,000 in 2024. Humid heat is the most dangerous: when the wet-bulb temperature is high, sweat stops cooling the body.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, reply in India’s Rajya Sabha, 6 August 2024",
        "url": "https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/750681/1/PQ_265_06082024_U1693_p358_p362.pdf"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "kidney",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Kidney and\nheart strain",
    "desc": "Sweating and dehydration make the heart work harder and can damage the kidneys, especially with repeated exposure.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Kidney International Reports, 2023: heat stress and kidney health in Tamil Nadu salt-pan workers",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2023.04.011"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "respiratory",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Breathing\nproblems worsen",
    "desc": "Ozone, smoke and hot air inflame airways and worsen asthma and lung disease.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Air Quality News, 2026: heat-driven ozone and health in India",
        "url": "https://airqualitynews.com/news/health-news/heatwaves-drive-dangerous-ozone-pollution-across-india/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "pregnancy",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Risks in\npregnancy",
    "desc": "Each 1 °C rise in temperature raises the odds of preterm birth by about 5%, and a heatwave by about 16%; stillbirths rise by about 5% for each 1 °C, and the risks are largest for poorer women and at the youngest and oldest ages. Women who keep working outdoors or fetching water while pregnant carry the most risk: in a Tamil Nadu study of 800 pregnant women doing physical work, those with high workplace heat had about twice the risk of miscarriage. In Bangladesh, the extreme-heat days a pregnancy passes through rose from about 4 for births in 2018 to about 30 for births in 2024.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Chersich et al., BMJ, 2020: systematic review and meta-analysis of 70 studies in 27 countries",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33148618/"
      },
      {
        "label": "Rekha et al., BJOG, 2023: occupational heat and pregnancy outcomes in 800 women workers, Tamil Nadu",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37814395/"
      },
      {
        "label": "Preprint, not yet peer reviewed: prenatal extreme heat and newborn deaths in Bangladesh, 2015–2025 (medRxiv, 2026)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.23.26366352"
      },
      {
        "label": "WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA, 2023: Protecting maternal, newborn and child health from the impacts of climate change",
        "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240085350"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "newborns",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Babies and young\nchildren at risk",
    "desc": "Babies and small children overheat and dehydrate faster than adults, and can’t say when they are struggling. Heat brings more diarrhoea, malnutrition and hospital visits for the youngest.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Lancet Countdown 2024, India data sheet: infants faced 7.7 heatwave days a year",
        "url": "https://lancetcountdown.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Lancet-Countdown-2024_INDIA.pdf"
      },
      {
        "label": "WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA, 2023: Protecting maternal, newborn and child health from the impacts of climate change",
        "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240085350"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "childdiarrhoea",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Diarrhoea in\nyoung children",
    "desc": "Warmth lets bacteria multiply in water and food. Across 26 studies, each 1 °C rise in temperature was linked to about 7% more diarrhoea, a leading cause of death in young children. Repeated bouts leave children undernourished.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Carlton et al., International Journal of Epidemiology, 2016: temperature and diarrhoeal disease, 26 studies",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26567313/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "mental",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Mental health\nsuffers",
    "desc": "Heat is linked to more anxiety, distress and suicide, and to worse outcomes for people living with mental illness. Heat in pregnancy adds stress and anxiety, known risks for the birth. In many countries, mental health services are far from meeting the need.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Thompson et al., The Lancet Planetary Health, 2023, summarised by Imperial College London",
        "url": "https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/246058/rising-temperatures-associated-with-poorer-mental/"
      },
      {
        "label": "WHO, 2022: Mental health and climate change, policy brief",
        "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240045125"
      },
      {
        "label": "WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA, 2023: Protecting maternal, newborn and child health from the impacts of climate change",
        "url": "https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240085350"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "suicide",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Suicides rise",
    "desc": "In India, where one fifth of the world’s suicides occur, a 1 °C rise in a day’s temperature above 20 °C in the growing season was linked to about 70 more suicides, as the same heat cut crop yields. Warming over 30 years is estimated to account for 59,300 suicides. The findings have been debated.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Carleton, PNAS, 2017: crop-damaging temperatures increase suicide rates in India",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28760983/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "sleepless",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Sleepless\nhot nights",
    "desc": "When nights stay hot, the body has less chance to recover from the day, so the next day can start already depleted.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Minor et al., One Earth, 2022: rising temperatures erode human sleep",
        "url": "https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/rising-temperatures-erode-human-sleep-globally/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "infectious",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Infectious\ndiseases spread",
    "desc": "Warmth helps the mosquitoes that carry dengue breed and bite, and dirty water and spoiled food spread illness. Bangladesh had its worst dengue year on record in 2023: by 30 October, WHO counted 267,680 cases and 1,333 deaths, with the surge starting unusually early.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "WHO Bangladesh, Dengue Situation Report 10, 30 October 2023",
        "url": "https://www.who.int/bangladesh/about-us/publications/m/item/dengue-situation-report-10-30-october-2023"
      },
      {
        "label": "WHO Disease Outbreak News: dengue in Bangladesh, August 2023",
        "url": "https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON481"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "injuries",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Injuries and\naccidents rise",
    "desc": "Heat strain can unsteady balance and slow reactions, especially in heavy work in humid heat, so the risk of accidents at work, on the road and at home rises. How much depends on how hot the body gets, the task and the person: at milder strain, some studies find no loss in thinking at all.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "APN: high temperatures and work-related injuries in Guangzhou, China",
        "url": "https://www.apn-gcr.org/publication/does-hot-weather-affect-work-related-injury-a-case-crossover-study-in-guangzhou-china/"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tan et al., Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2025: humid heat and balance in simulated construction work at height",
        "url": "https://ghhin.org/wp-content/uploads/msse-57-1579-1.pdf"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tan et al., Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2024: severe heat, brain temperature and executive function",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2023.09.001"
      },
      {
        "label": "A counterpoint: no loss of executive function or risk-taking at modest heat strain (≤38.5 °C), 28 adults, PubMed Central",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12804366/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "hsys",
    "sys": "health",
    "label": "Health systems\noverwhelmed",
    "desc": "Heatwaves bring surges of patients just as staff, power and supplies are under strain.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Context, 2024: India’s hospitals adapt to killer heat",
        "url": "https://www.context.news/climate-risks/ice-baths-and-ventilators-indias-hospitals-adapt-to-killer-heat"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "lost",
    "sys": "work",
    "label": "Lost work hours\nand wages",
    "desc": "The International Labour Organization projects that heat stress could cut 2.2% of all working hours worldwide by 2030, the equivalent of 80 million full-time jobs.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "International Labour Organization, 2019: heat stress predicted to cost the equivalent of 80 million jobs",
        "url": "https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/increase-heat-stress-predicted-bring-productivity-loss-equivalent-80"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "informal",
    "sys": "work",
    "label": "Informal workers\ncan’t stop work",
    "desc": "Without paid leave, contracts or savings, stopping work means losing the day’s income. So people keep working through dangerous heat. About three in four Indian workers, some 380 million people, depend on heat-exposed work. Around 90% of India's workers, and 80% in urban Delhi, work informally.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "World Bank, 2022, reported by Down To Earth",
        "url": "https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/heatwaves-in-india-could-soon-break-human-survivability-limit-says-world-bank-analysis-86431"
      },
      {
        "label": "NIUA Climate Centre for Cities, 2026: Heat Resilient Cities Framework, p. 8, citing WIEGO's statistical profile of informal workers in India",
        "url": "https://niua.in/publication-details/Heat_Resilient_Cities_Framework"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "womenwater",
    "sys": "work",
    "label": "Hot workplaces\nwithout toilets",
    "desc": "Heat at work carries a hidden cost for women where there are no safe toilets. In a study of 312 women workers in India, heat exceeded safe limits for 71%; of those with poor or no toilets, 87% reported genitourinary problems, and about 1 in 10 showed heat strain and moderate dehydration.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Venugopal et al., Global Health Action, 2016: heat and inadequate sanitation for 312 women workers in India",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633034/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "abroad",
    "sys": "work",
    "label": "Migrant workers\nabroad",
    "desc": "Millions from Nepal, Bangladesh and the Philippines build and serve in some of the world’s hottest places, and the money they send home holds families and economies together: about a quarter of Nepal’s GDP. Among Nepali workers in Qatar, cardiovascular deaths rose with the summer heat, and as many as 200 of 571 such deaths in 2009–2017 could have been prevented with heat protection.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Pradhan et al., Cardiology, 2019, summarised by ClimateCHIP: heat stress and cardiac deaths of Nepali workers in Qatar",
        "url": "https://www.climatechip.org/node/192"
      },
      {
        "label": "World Bank: personal remittances received, % of GDP (Nepal)",
        "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?locations=NP"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "productivity",
    "sys": "work",
    "label": "Productivity\nfalls",
    "desc": "Above a certain temperature, people work more slowly and make more mistakes, indoors and out. Across 2.7 million firms in 23 advanced economies, ten extra days above 35 °C cut a year’s labour productivity by 0.3%, and days above 40 °C did five times the damage. In humid, still air the loss roughly doubles.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "OECD Economics Department, Working Paper No. 1828, 2024",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1787/19d94638-en"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "debt",
    "sys": "work",
    "label": "Medical costs\nand debt",
    "desc": "Treatment, medicines and lost days are often paid for out of pocket, pushing households into debt.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Selvaraj, Farooqui and Karan, BMJ Open, 2018",
        "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/5/e018020"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "business",
    "sys": "work",
    "label": "Small businesses\nclose",
    "desc": "Street vendors, workshops and shops lose customers, stock and power, and many shut for good.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "OECD Economics Department, Working Paper No. 1828, 2024",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1787/19d94638-en"
      },
      {
        "label": "Greenpeace India and National Hawkers Federation, 2024",
        "url": "https://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/press/16737/new-report-by-greenpeace-india-and-national-hawkers-federation-reveals-harsh-heatwave-toll-on-street-vendors/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "supply",
    "sys": "work",
    "label": "Supply chains\ndisrupted",
    "desc": "Heat slows factories, ports, roads and warehouses. The delays ripple through prices and jobs far away.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "World Bank estimate, reported by AFP via The Manila Times, 2023: factories hit by Vietnam’s power cuts",
        "url": "https://manilatimes.net/2023/08/12/business/foreign-business/power-crisis-cost-vietnam-14b-wb/1904920/amp"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "customers",
    "sys": "work",
    "label": "Customers\nstay home",
    "desc": "Heat empties markets and high streets in the hottest hours. Spending shifts to cooled malls and cooling products, while street vendors, small shops, restaurants and hotels lose sales.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Greenpeace India and National Hawkers Federation, 2024",
        "url": "https://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/press/16737/new-report-by-greenpeace-india-and-national-hawkers-federation-reveals-harsh-heatwave-toll-on-street-vendors/"
      },
      {
        "label": "Orissa Post, 2024: heat cut showroom footfall",
        "url": "https://www.orissapost.com/passenger-vehicle-retail-sales-dip-7-in-june-as-heatwave-curtails-showroom-visits/amp/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "tourism",
    "sys": "work",
    "label": "Tourism\nshifts away",
    "desc": "Visitors avoid places and seasons that become too hot, taking jobs and income with them.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Eco-Business, 2026: extreme heat reshapes travel in Asia (Booking.com survey)",
        "url": "https://www.eco-business.com/id/news/extreme-heat-reshapes-travel-in-asia-nearly-half-of-travellers-changing-plans-survey/"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hong Kong Polytechnic University: climate change and tourism demand risks from extreme heat",
        "url": "https://research.polyu.edu.hk/en/publications/climate-change-and-tourism-demand-risks-for-extreme-heat/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "schoolclose",
    "sys": "education",
    "label": "Schools close\nin heatwaves",
    "desc": "When classrooms become dangerous, schools shut, sometimes for weeks.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "UNICEF, 2025: Learning interrupted",
        "url": "https://www.unicef.org/reports/learning-interrupted-global-snapshot-2024"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "learning",
    "sys": "education",
    "label": "Learning suffers\nin hot classrooms",
    "desc": "Studies link hotter school days to measurably lower learning and exam results.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Park, Goodman, Hurwitz and Smith, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2020",
        "url": "https://www.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/pol.20180612"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "dropout",
    "sys": "education",
    "label": "Children pulled\nout of school",
    "desc": "When families are squeezed, children, often girls, leave school to work, care or fetch water.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Bakhtiar and Karim, IFPRI, 2025: extreme heat, schooling and child labour in rural Bangladesh",
        "url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10568/180558"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "youth",
    "sys": "education",
    "label": "Lower skills\nand earnings",
    "desc": "Learning lost today becomes lower skills and lower earnings for a lifetime.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Garg, Jagnani and Taraz, 2020, summarised by Ideas for India: temperature and human capital in India",
        "url": "https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/environment/temperature-and-human-capital-in-india"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "inequality",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Deepening\ninequality",
    "desc": "Every impact lands hardest on those with the least protection, widening gaps in health, income and opportunity.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "FAO, 2024: heat stress widens the income gap between rural women and men",
        "url": "https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/fao-report--heatwaves-and-floods-affect-rural-women-and-men-differently--widen-income-gap"
      },
      {
        "label": "Frontiers in Built Environment, 2022: Ahmedabad",
        "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2022.874751/full"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "care",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Care burden falls\non women and girls",
    "desc": "When people fall ill, schools close or water runs short, the extra caring and fetching usually falls on women and girls. In India, women already lose about 19% of their paid working hours to heat.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Climate Resilience for All, 2023, reported by Scientific American: women bear greater burdens from extreme heat",
        "url": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/women-experience-greater-burdens-from-extreme-heat"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "isolation",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Older people\nisolated at home",
    "desc": "Older people living alone are among the most likely to die in a heatwave. Many victims of Chicago’s 1995 heatwave died alone at home.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Semenza et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 1996: heat-related deaths in the July 1995 Chicago heatwave",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8649494/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "violence",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Violence and\ncrime rise",
    "desc": "Hot days are linked to more aggression, domestic violence and violent crime.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Burke, Hsiang and Miguel, Annual Review of Economics, 2015 (NBER working paper)",
        "url": "https://www.nber.org/papers/w20598"
      },
      {
        "label": "Zhu et al., JAMA Psychiatry, 2023",
        "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10308303/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "gbv",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Violence against\nwomen rises",
    "desc": "Across 194,871 women in India, Nepal and Pakistan, each 1 °C rise in yearly temperature was linked to about 4.5% more intimate partner violence, with physical and sexual violence rising most. Under very high emissions it could rise about 21% by the 2090s, against about 6% if warming is held lowest. Lost income, stress and crowded hot homes may all play a part.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Zhu et al., JAMA Psychiatry, 2023: ambient temperature and intimate partner violence in India, Nepal and Pakistan",
        "url": "https://bell-lab.yale.edu/publications/association-ambient-temperature-prevalence-intimate-partner-violence-among-partnered"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "conflict",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Conflict over\nwater and land",
    "desc": "Where water and pasture shrink, disputes between communities can turn violent.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Mach et al., Nature, 2019, summarised by Stanford University",
        "url": "https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2019/06/climate-change-cause-armed-conflict"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "greengent",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Greening pushes\npeople out",
    "desc": "New parks and greening can raise rents and land prices until the poorer residents they were meant to cool are pushed out, often into hotter, more crowded housing. This is green gentrification. Across 28 North American and European cities, greening in the 1990s and 2000s was followed by gentrification in 17.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Anguelovski et al., Nature Communications, 2022: green gentrification in European and North American cities",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31572-1"
      },
      {
        "label": "Bangkok: a master’s thesis on Pathumwananurak Park, built where the Rong Poon community lived",
        "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369538102_Green_Gentrification_and_The_Value_of_Urban_Nature_Case_Study_of_Pathumwananurak_Park_Bangkok"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "migration",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Forced\nmigration",
    "desc": "When land, work and water fail, families may be forced to move, often into cities that are hotter still.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "World Bank, 2021: Groundswell Part II",
        "url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/09/13/climate-change-could-force-216-million-people-to-migrate-within-their-own-countries-by-2050"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "camps",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Refugee camps\nunder tarpaulin",
    "desc": "About a million Rohingya refugees live in the camps of Cox’s Bazar in shelters of bamboo and tarpaulin, which offer little protection from heat. When the April 2024 heatwave pushed temperatures past 40 °C, learning centres across the camps closed for several days.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "UNICEF Bangladesh: rebuilding education for climate resilience in Cox’s Bazar",
        "url": "https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/stories/rebuilding-education-climate-and-disaster-resilience-coxs-bazar"
      },
      {
        "label": "Amnesty International Australia: conditions in Cox’s Bazar",
        "url": "https://www.amnesty.org.au/the-inhumane-conditions-in-coxs-bazar-and-what-must-be-done-to-support-refugees-looking-for-a-dignified-hopeful-future/"
      },
      {
        "label": "UNFPA: Cox’s Bazar",
        "url": "https://www.unfpa.org/coxs-bazar-bangladesh"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "gatherings",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Mass gatherings\nturn deadly",
    "desc": "Crowds in open sun with little shade or water are deadly. During the 2024 Hajj, more than 1,300 pilgrims died in extreme heat.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Saudi Ministry of Health figures, reported by Gulf News, 2024: 1,301 deaths during Hajj",
        "url": "https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/hajj-2024-saudi-arabia-says-1301-deaths-mostly-unregistered-pilgrims-1.1719169731102"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "cohesion",
    "sys": "society",
    "label": "Social trust\nfrays",
    "desc": "Hot spells are linked to more conflict between groups, and unequal suffering and failing services can erode trust between neighbours and in institutions.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Burke, Hsiang and Miguel, Annual Review of Economics, 2015: heat raises conflict between groups",
        "url": "https://www.nber.org/papers/w20598"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "emergency",
    "sys": "gov",
    "label": "Emergency services\nstretched",
    "desc": "Ambulances, fire crews and emergency rooms are swamped all at once.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Times of India via India Environment Portal, 2018: 10,000 heat emergencies in 15 days in Ahmedabad",
        "url": "https://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/news-clippings/10000-heat-emergencies-in-15-days"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "budgets",
    "sys": "gov",
    "label": "Public budgets\nstrained",
    "desc": "Repairs, emergency response, lost tax revenue and relief payments all drain public money.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Park and Rubinyi, World Bank, 2026: heat deaths in Bangkok cost more than its public health budget",
        "url": "https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/d8ba6f53-d778-47d2-b4a6-37dff7db2466/full"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "insurance",
    "sys": "gov",
    "label": "Insurance losses\nand retreat",
    "desc": "Rising losses push premiums up and insurers out, leaving more people and businesses unprotected.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Swiss Re Institute sigma, reported by Global Reinsurance",
        "url": "https://www.globalreinsurance.com/home/swiss-re-sigma-protection-gap-laid-bare-as-asian-cat-losses-hit-65bn/1458440.article"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "underreport",
    "sys": "gov",
    "label": "Heat deaths\nunder-recorded",
    "desc": "Heat is rarely written on death certificates. Most heat deaths are recorded as heart, kidney or lung failure. In India, heatwaves are declared on dry-air temperature from relatively few weather stations, which can miss humid heat where many informal workers live and work.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Down To Earth, 2024: the miscalculation in India’s heatwave mortality data",
        "url": "https://www.downtoearth.org.in/climate-change/lost-in-the-heat-the-critical-miscalculation-in-indias-heatwave-mortality-data"
      },
      {
        "label": "NIUA Climate Centre for Cities, 2026: Heat Resilient Cities Framework, p. 10",
        "url": "https://niua.in/publication-details/Heat_Resilient_Cities_Framework"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "underfund",
    "sys": "gov",
    "label": "Heat protection\nunderfunded",
    "desc": "Warnings, cooling centres, outreach and heat-ready services get a small share of budgets compared with floods or storms.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Centre for Policy Research, 2023: assessment of 37 heat action plans",
        "url": "https://cprindia.org/briefsreports/how-is-india-adapting-to-heatwaves-an-assessment-of-heat-action-plans-with-insights-for-transformative-climate-action/"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "remote",
    "sys": "gov",
    "label": "Help can’t reach\nremote places",
    "desc": "In remote villages, islands, hills and river settlements, the nearest clinic, cool shelter or reliable power can be hours away, and heat warnings often do not arrive.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Mercy Corps, 2025: extreme heat in Nepal, policy brief",
        "url": "https://europe.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/extreme-heat-nepal-policy-brief.pdf"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "repayments",
    "sys": "gov",
    "label": "Loan repayments\nslip",
    "desc": "When heat cuts sales, harvests or wages, small firms and households fall behind on loans, and lenders collect less.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Aguilar-Gomez et al., summarised in VoxEU, 2024",
        "url": "https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/heatwaves-ripple-financial-system"
      },
      {
        "label": "Sa-Dhan, reported by Business Standard, 2024",
        "url": "https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/micro-loan-asset-quality-deteriorates-in-april-june-quarter-sa-dhan-124082700721_1.html"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "credit",
    "sys": "gov",
    "label": "Borrowing\ncosts rise",
    "desc": "Lenders and rating agencies increasingly price climate risk into borrowing. After heat shocks, banks have charged small firms more, asked for more collateral and lent less.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "Aguilar-Gomez et al., summarised in VoxEU, 2024",
        "url": "https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/heatwaves-ripple-financial-system"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "elections",
    "sys": "gov",
    "label": "Public services\ndisrupted",
    "desc": "Heat disrupts voting, courts and public offices. On the last day of India’s 2024 general election, Uttar Pradesh’s chief electoral officer said 33 polling staff had died of heat, and more died in Bihar and Odisha.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "label": "AFP via Malay Mail, 2 June 2024",
        "url": "https://www.malaymail.com/amp/news/world/2024/06/02/heatstroke-killed-33-indian-polling-staff-on-last-voting-day-says-state-election-chief/137732"
      },
      {
        "label": "Arab News, 2024: heatwave and election workers’ deaths",
        "url": "https://www.arabnews.com/node/2521366/amp"
      }
    ]
  }
]